Researchers discovered the complex cell-signaling system known as the endocannabinoid (ECS) in the early 1990s while studying THC, a well-known cannabis cannabinoid. Cannabinoids can be found in hemp. Experts still struggle to understand the Endocannabinoid System. We know that the ECS regulates a variety of functions and processes.
- Sleep
- mood
- Appetite
- Memory
- Reproduction and fertility
Even if you do not use cannabis, the ECS is still present and active in your body. Continue reading to find out more about the ECS, including how it interacts with cannabis.
What does it mean?
The ECS comprises three components: endocannabinoids, receptors and enzymes.
Endocannabinoids
Your body makes endogenous cannabinoids (also known as endocannabinoids). These molecules are similar to cannabinoids but they are produced by your body. Two key endocannabinoids have been identified by experts so far
- anandamide (AEA)
- 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)
They help maintain internal functions in a smooth manner. They are produced by your body as necessary, so it is difficult to determine the average levels for each.
Receptors for endocannabinoids
These receptors can be found all over your body. They are used to signal to the Endocannabinoid System that action is required by endocannabinoids. There are two major endocannabinoid receptors.
- CB1 receptors are found mainly in the central nervous systems.
- CB2 receptors are found mainly in the peripheral nervous system. They are especially important for immune cells.
Both receptors can be bound to endocannabinoids. The receptor’s location and the endocannabinoid that it binds to will determine which effect is produced. To alleviate pain, endocannabinoids could target CB1 receptors on a spinal nerve. Some might attach to the CB2 receptors in your immune cells to signal inflammation. This is a common sign that you have autoimmune disorders.
Enzymes
Once they have completed their function, enzymes are responsible for the breakdown of endocannabinoids. Two main enzymes are responsible for this.
- fatty acid amide Hydrolase, which is responsible for breaking down AEA
- Monoacylglycerol Acid Lipase is a protein that typically breaks down 2-AG.
What is its function?
The Endocannabinoid System is complex and experts are still unsure how it functions or what its potential functions might be. Research has connected the ECS with the following processes:
- Appetite and digestion
- Metabolic
- Chronic pain
- Inflammation and Other Immune System Responses
- mood
- Learning and memory
- Motor control
- Sleep
- Function of the cardiovascular system
- Muscle formation
- Bone growth and remodeling
- Liver function
- Function of the reproductive system
- stress
- Skin and nerve function
All of these functions contribute to homeostasis which is the stability of your internal environment. Your ECS will help you return to your ideal operating condition if your body is affected by an external force such as injury, pain or fever. Experts believe that the ECS’ primary function is to maintain homeostasis.
How does THC interact with the ECS?
Tetrahydrocannabinol, also known as THC (or cannabis), is one of the most important cannabinoids. It is the compound that makes you feel “high”. THC is absorbed into the body and interacts with your Endocannabinoid System through binding to receptors. This works in the same way as endocannabinoids. It can bind to both CB1-CB2 receptors, which makes it powerful.
It can have many different effects on your mind and body, making it more appealing than others. THC can be used to stimulate appetite and reduce pain. It can cause anxiety and paranoia in certain cases. Experts are looking at ways to synthesize synthetic THC cannabinoids which interact with the ECS only in beneficial ways. It’s mandatory to mention the THC level on the labels of the products available at cannabis dispensaries so that users should know what they are taking.
How does CBD interact with the ECS?
Cannabidiol (CBD) is the other major cannabinoid in cannabis. CBD is not like THC and doesn’t usually cause any side effects. Experts don’t know how CBD interacts with the ECS. However, they know CBD doesn’t bind with CB1 and CB2 receptors in the same way as THC.
Many believe that it prevents endocannabinoids from being broken down. This allows them to exert a greater effect on your body. Some believe CBD binds with a receptor that isn’t yet discovered. Although the exact mechanism of CBD’s effects is still unknown, there are some indications that CBD may be able to relieve pain and nausea associated with multiple conditions.
Endocannabinoid deficiencies:
Experts believe in clinical endocannabinoid deficiency (CECD). This theory states that low levels of endocannabinoid or ECS dysfunction could contribute to certain conditions. A 2016 article that reviewed over 10 years worth of research suggests the theory may explain why people get migraine and fibromyalgia.
There is no clear cause for any of these conditions. These conditions are often resistant to treatment, and can sometimes co-occur. Targeting the ECS, or endocannabinoid, could be the key to treating these conditions if CECD plays any role. However, more research is required.
The bottom line
Your internal processes are stable because of the ECS. There is still much to learn about the ECS. The Endocannabinoid System could be the key to many conditions if experts have a better understanding.